HUMORAL IMMUNITY AND BONE HEALING DISORDERS IN POST-COVID PATIENTS

Abstract

Elevations of various inflammatory markers and proinflammatory chemokines are well documented in SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlate with disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 infection increases inflammatory markers with known direct and indirect effects on bone health, including matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) via regulation of osteoblast activity, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) via the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway (RANKL/RANK/OPG), which is critical in regulating bone metabolism. Notably, TNF-α is known to synergize with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) to induce cytokine storm. This article provides scientific research information about humoral immunity and bone healing disorders in post-COVID patients.