METABOLIC ALTERATIONS OF BONE TISSUE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY

Abstract

The study explores how estrogen deficiency during the postmenopausal period affects bone metabolism. It focuses on the disruption of the osteoclast-osteoblast balance, calcium and vitamin D regulation, and oxidative stress mechanisms. Findings show that reduced estrogen levels enhance bone resorption via RANK/RANKL activation and suppress bone formation, resulting in bone loss and higher fracture risk. The research highlights preventive and therapeutic strategies such as hormone therapy, nutritional supplementation, and lifestyle modifications to reduce osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.